英语段落的展开与技巧 ——段落的组成

英语段落的展开与技巧 ——段落的组成段落的组成根据题目的要求,短文写作主要包括三个段落。第一段:通常要求考生阐述对于一个观点的理解,或者对一个观点进行反驳,或者对图画的主要信息进行描述。这个段落不必太长,三到四个句子就可以了。第二段:通常要求考生对图画的意义进行解释,或者要求对一个现象进行原因解释,或者举例说明观点合理性。这个段落需要在内容上适当延伸,需要五到七个句子完成。第三段:通常要求考生提出一些建议措施,或者对观点进行归纳,或者对现象进行前途预测。该段落大约需要四到五个句子完成。好的段落必须是意思完整,语义连贯,完全体现文章主旨中心,同时又是层次分明,结构严谨,逻辑关系应用合理的。以下主要讨论各种段落的基本创作思路和变化。一个段落由三部分组成:主题句、扩展句和结尾句。主题句用来点出段落的主题(谈论什么);扩展句用来说明和支持主题;结尾句用来得出结论。1.主题句1)主题句的位置主题句一般位于段首,也可置于段尾或段中,考生最好放在段首。(1) 位于段首。在英文中,大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出问题,后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释。例如:An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public alike as offering tremendous benefits.The more obvious ones are the abilities of police to apply first aid life saving techniques quickly, and the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. It a ids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime as well as in collecting evidence. The overall reputation of a police department too is enhanced if rapid response is consistent and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force.(2) 位于段尾。主题句位于段尾便于总结全段的内容,给读者以深刻的印象,是写作中的一种演绎方法。例如:At present rates of demand, the world has enough oil to last for more than 40 years, enough gas for more than 60 years and enough coal for more than 230 years. Naturally, demand will increase; but so will reserves as companies explore more widely and costs fall. Since 1970 viable reserves of oil have almost doubled while those of gas have leapt three-fold. One distant day a crunch will come, but as it approaches fossil-fuel prices will rise, making alternative forms of energy, perhaps including nuclear power, competitive.That is no reason to spend on nuclear now.(3)位于段中。位于段中的主题句起承上启下的作用,这类主题句多起转折作用,一般由“but,however,yet,anyhow,nevertheless”等词连接,用于引起下文。例如:What we teach ourselves sometimes,indeed,is more useful than what we learn from others.Some great men had little or no schooling.But these great men probably studied harder by themselves than most boys do in school.The greatest minds do not necessarily of those who have never been able to distinguish themselves at school,have been very successful in life later.It has been said that Wellington and Napoleon were both dull boys at school,and so were Newt on and Albert Einstein.2)写好主题句的方法文章是否切题是路线性、方向性的问题。英语中的一致性(unity)原则要求每段只能有一个中心思想或主题,只能说明某一件事或某一个问题等,具体体现为要求段落“中心突出”。段落的中心思想或主题通常概括为一个主题句(topic sentence);其他各句称为支持句或从属句(supporting sentences),将主题思想充分展开。概括地说,“中心突出”要求主题句与段落中其他各句统一,从意义上体现段落的完整性。例如:Ever since this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. In fact, it has exerted great influence on our life and behavior. Electrical household appliances are making people more and more lazy. TV has been depriving children of their time for study after class. They can hardly finish their assignments. It is also depriving the cinema and theater of business. Electricity makes noises not only in factories but also in household by so many loudspeakers.If there were no electricity, things would be much better. Children could both finish their homework and read a lot of books. People would enjoy peace of their minds and find reunion of family members by telling stories. People can even develop ties among themselves by visiting each other rather than watching TV all the time at home.Therefore, authority should bring the development and production of electricity under control so that people can enjoy their true life.分析文章语言流畅,语法错误也不多。但作者脱离了文章开头的主题Ever since this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life,只是一味地发感慨。因此,本文在思想内容上并不切题。要想写好主题句,首先应该认真审好题,明确自己要用几个段落、从几个方面说明主题,然后确定每个段落的中心。有了中心思想,就可以写主题句了。(1)主题句首先应是完整句。一个完整的句子才能做主题句,主题句不应是单个词组或什么修饰成分。例如:不完整:How to write a composition.完整:How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.不完整:If the weather had been fine.完整:If it had been fine, we would have had a good time.(2)主题句应有明显的导向。主题句一般由两部分组成,即主题和对该主题的态度,或称主题导句。如:Good health is very important to everyone.(3)主题句应尽量具体。写好主题句的关键在于抓住重点、留有余地、避免空泛。也就是说,主题句既要能够反映该段落的中心思想,又要为段落的拓展规定适当的空间。不是什么样的句子都能充当段落主题句的。请看下面的例句:①People try to improve their health.②He is great.③Women are going out to work.④The air is dirty.主题句要明确表达段落的中心思想,因此主题句不能太笼统,所以上述四个句子不适合做主题句。试比较下面几句:①People try many ways to improve their health.②There are many LeiFeng's followers in our society.③Some of the female intellectuals lead families in earnings.④Air pollution should be prevented.以上四个句子都比较适宜做段落的主题句,因为各句都表达了明确的观点,对全段的展开具有指导意义。主题句不能太具体。属于描写细节的句子,不能做主题句,如:①They moved to another province last year.②A lorry driver smashed through the gates of Buckingham Palace.③Gunmen killed two officers late on Tuesday in a village.④Zhejiang exports reached$681 million last year.这四句都是具体细节的描写,很难以其为核心观点展开段落。请对比下面四句:①They like their new residence.②A careless lorry driver had an accident at the gate of Buckingham Palace.③The villagers showed great concern about their safety.④Zhejiang doubled the value of exports last year.上述四句从不同角度对前面四句作了改写,改写后就适合做段落主题句了。(4)尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子,例如:简洁:Collecting stamps is her hobby.复杂:She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.简洁:I enjoyed watchingGone with the Windvery much.复杂:Gone with the Windwas a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.3)主题句的句型模板(1)_____has become a hot topic among people…(2)_____has been playing an increasing important role in our day-to-day life.(3)According to the number/figure/statistics/percentages, it can be seen that_____.(4)This is a general discussion today about the issue of_____.(5)Everything has two sides and_____is not an exception. It has both advantages and disadvantages.2.扩展句围绕主题句展开,支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开,句子与句子之间逻辑清楚,上下转承结合得当,简明扼要,重点突出。一般来说,每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外,还包含了3~6个扩展句。所以,写好了扩展句便基本上完成了一个自然段落。做题时,一旦定下了主题和关键词,作者便可以按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子。句子之间要具有连贯性,就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成,例如:并列关系,因果关系,递进关系,转折关系,解释关系,概括关系,顺序关系,让步关系,对照、比较关系,转换关系,等等,这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用,使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯,逻辑合理,结构严谨,因此极为重要。1)扩展句的常用词语段落扩展中的常用词语如下:(1)总结关系过渡词语。generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in. terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude等。(2)比较对比关系过渡词语。similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless等。(3) 列举关系过渡词语。for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition(to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another等。(4)因果关系过渡词语。Because(of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in(from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence等。(4) 让步关系过渡词语。although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that等。(6)强调关系过渡词语。anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, indeed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt等。(7)表示空间顺序过渡词语。beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in here, across, close to, on(to, at)the left(right), ahead of, in front of, above, from, adjacent to , against, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, close at hand, close to down, far, farther, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposite to, on top of, over, under, up等。例文The wide use of e-mail may be due to its unique advantages(主题句). First of all, people who adore e-mail love to say that it's quick and convenient(扩展句1). A response can be shot back within seconds, provided that the intended recipient checks it frequently. And the recipient doesn't even have to be at the other end because the message can simply be left for him or her. In addition, this kind of computerized exchange may create friendship(扩展句2). People who are lazy at writing letters may prefer e-m ail. What's more, e-mail is a relatively cheap way to leave a message for someone who is far away(扩展句3).Despite the advantages of e-m ail, it also has some disadvantages(主题句). It eliminates face-to-face conversation and makes people feel isolated(扩展句1). And when we are cut off from our co-workers, our sense of community and common purpose withers(扩展句2).2)扩展句的句型模板(1)we may quote a single example of_____.(2)However, just like everything has both it's good and bad sides_____, also has it's own disadvantages, such as_____.(3)Confront with_____, we should take a series of effective measures. For one thing, we should_____, for another, government should lay down rules and regulations to_____.3.结尾句在写英文作文时,结尾是值得考生重视的另一个关键的地方。如果写得好,往往能给读者留下深刻印象。1)结尾句的写作方法下面介绍几种常见的结尾写法:(1)重复文章的主题句。重复文章的主题句的目的在于强调作者的主要论点。例如:With the foregoing three points in mind, one can be a true good student.If any items mentioned above arouse your interest, please let us know.(2)概括结论。用几句话概括上文内容来加深读者对文章观点的理解。例如:From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that no success can be achieved without laboring.In summary, we should create such an environment in which each child in his or her own way follows his curiosity where it leads him, develops his ability and talents, pursues his interests and likes.(3)提出展望或期望。表示对将来的期待或是鼓动读者采取行动。例如:It is essential that effective measures should be taken to redress such inequality.It is high time that we should urge an immediate end to this phenomenon.(4)强调意义。从更高或一个新的角度来强调上述论点的重要性或其深远的意义。例如:Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people.2)结尾句的句型模板结尾句的常用句型模板如下:(1)In(the)course of time/In a long run(the long term), sth. is more likely/believed/bound/sure to_____.例如:In a long run, the practice of birth control is believed to do a great benefit to the future of China.(2)In spite of the fact that/Although_____, sth. Will(not)_____in our/one's assiduous/conscious/consistent efforts.例如:In spite of the fact that there is no hope of attaining the final goal at one go, this reform will be spreading far and wide in our consistent efforts.(3)In one/a word, there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that in time to come.例如:In one word, there is every chance that this wise move in economic construction will acquire a broader significance in time to come.(4)Anything/Anyone that/Who_____will have to_____.例如:Those who have a strong bias against the Chinese nation will have to treat her with increased respect.(5)The quotations/remarks/popular saying/maxim/proverb may be a better/sure cure/remedy for_____(或_____sound/practical/sensible/well-weighted advice on how to_____.)例如:The old saying“Laziness in youth spells regret in old age”may be sensible advice on how to cherish the years of youth.(6)And worst of all/best of all, it has effected(或it will/would effect)the most unfavorable/favorable change in_____.例如:And worst of all. the official corruption has effected the most unfavorable change in people's attitude towards the government.(7)As another severe shock to the people/society(或As the most destructive/pushing effect on our life/nation), it has permeated among the people/through our social soil/throughout the whole country.(或has melted/penetrated into/been rooted in the Chinese soil)例如:As the most destructive effect on the nation, his heretical ideas have been rooted in many people's minds.(8)As a sensational/an unexpected result of_____, more and more people have come/got/begun to_____.例如:As an unexpected result/consequence of the patriotic education, more and more people have come to regain/restore their sense of justice.(9)To one's greatest astonishment/delight, sth. has affected_____to the point of_____.例如:To our greatest astonishment, corrupt ion has affected the society to the point of threatening its political stability.(10)The most obvious/direct result/consequence it produces/brings about is_____.例如:The most obvious result the economic reforms have produced is the way people live and think.(11)With a constant/steady improvement in_____(或With the gradual worsening of_____), sth. will_____.例如:With a steady improvement in its administration, the newborn thing will flourish on(the)Chinese soil.(12)Only in this way/Only when_____/Only through_____will/can we_____或It is only if/when_____that we will_____.例如:It is only if all sides of society take their roles fully that we will achieve the society we want.(13)As/So long as_____,we will be able to_____/the problem is bound to_____.例如:As long as we persist in spreading scientific knowledge among the general public, all the superstitions are bound to go out of our life.(14)For any place that_____/For anyone who_____, there is every/no reason/chance to_____.例如:For any government that devotes itself to nourishing honesty among its officials, there is every reason to bid an eternal farewell to corruption.(15)In short/brief/one word/s um, once we are on the way to_____,the chance of achieving/making it will increase/grow greater/come to our advantage.例如:In short, once our country is on the way to clearing corrupt dealings out of the Party, the chance of achieving honest and clean politics will come to the people's advantage.