英语被动语态

1. 被动语态中谓语动词的基本构成:be + done2. 八种时态的被动语态:(变 be 的时态即可,done不动)1)一般现在时:am / is / are + done①People grow rice in the south of the country.→Rice is grown in the south of the country.稻米在这个国家的南部被种植。②The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.→We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.我们不被允许在没有老师的情况下进入化学实验室。2)一般过去时:was / were + done①They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.→The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.建立一个新的汽车工厂在上个月被一致同意。②The students didn't forget their lessons easily.→Their lessons were not easily forgotten.他们的功课没有被轻易遗忘。3)一般将来时:will + be done①They will send cars abroad by sea.→Cars will be sent abroad by sea.汽车通过海路被送到国外。②They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.→Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.大量的工作将被提供给中途辍学者。4)一般过去将来时:would + be done①The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.→The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.经理说这项工程将会在年底被完成。② The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.→The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.这些工人告诉我这辆汽车将尽可能快的被修理。5)现在进行时:am / is / are + being + done①The radio is broadcasting English lessons.→English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.英语课正在通过收音机被广播。② We are painting the rooms.→The rooms are being painted.这些房间正在被刷油漆。6)过去进行时:was / were + being + done①The workers were mending the road.→The road was being mended.这条公路正在被修理。②This time last year we were planting trees here.→Trees were being planted here this time last year.去年这个时候,这些树正在这里被植。7)现在完成时:have / has + been + done①Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off.→I have been told the sports meeting might be put off.我已经被告诉会议可能会被延迟。②He has brought his book here.→His book has been brought here.他的书被带到了这里。8)过去完成时:had + been + done①When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.→When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.当我到达剧院时,我发现票已经被卖完了。② The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; people had considered him to be a great leader.→The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; he had been considered to be a great leader.整个国家听到他死亡的消息都很悲痛;他被认为是一个伟大的领袖。3. 含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+ be+ done①You must hand in your compositions after class.→Your compositions must be handed in after class.你的作文必须在下课之后被上交。②He can write a great many letters with the computer.→A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.很多信能够被他用计算机写。4. 被动语态的使用情况:1)当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,这时往往不用by 短语。“Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ”怀特先生,这只茶杯是下课后被打碎的。2.突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by 短语。These records were made by John Denver.这些报道是被约翰·丹佛做的。5. 主动语态变被动语态的方法:1)把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2)把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词,时态要与原句保持一致。3)把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语,放在被动语态里谓语动词之后,by 短语可以省略。My aunt invited me to her dinner party.→I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.我被(我阿姨)邀请到她的晚宴。The school set up a special class to help poor readers.→A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.在学校,一个帮助贫困阅读者的特殊的班级被建立。6. 语态转换时应注意的问题:1) 把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。We have bought a new computer.→A new computer has been bought. (正确)→A new computer have been bought. (错误)一台新的计算机已经被买了。2)含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.→I was given a present on my birthday.我在生日时被给了一个礼物。如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词,如上句还可以说→A present was given to me yesterday.一个礼物昨天被给了我。3) 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词,要把它们作为整体看,即把它们看成一个及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。The patient is being operated on.病人正在被进行手术。The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.问题呗解决了。它不需要被谈论了。His request was turned down.他的请求被拒绝了。The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.由于恶劣的天气,运动会将会被延迟。4)带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。We always keep the classroom clean.→The classroom is always kept clean.这间教室总是被保持干净。She told us to follow her instructions.→We were told to follow her instructions.我们被告诉要遵循她的指示。注意:在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to,但改成被动语态后必须还原to。We often hear him play the guitar.→He is often heard to play the guitar.他经常被听到弹吉他。5)当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时,被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语,并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。Nobody can answer this question.误:The question can be answered by nobody.正:The question can not be answered by anybody.这个问题不能被任何人回答。6)当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时,在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语,并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。They haven't done anything to make the river clean.误:Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.正:Nothing has been done to make the river clean.没有什么可以被做来使河流清洁。7)以who为主语开头的疑问句,变被动时,用by whom放在句首。Who wrote the story?误:Who was the story written?正:By whom was the story written?这个故事是被谁写的。8)有些动词既是及物又是不及物,当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时,表示主语内在品质或性能,是不及物动词,用主动表示被动,这时不用被动语态,常见的有:write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。The books sell well. 这些书销量很好。9)下列情况主动句不能改为被动句。①感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义,如:feel,look, seem, taste, sound。— Do you like the material? 你喜欢这种材料吗?— Yes, it feels very soft. 是的,它摸上去非常柔软。②不及物动词没有被动语态,如:rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.当我们到达山顶的时候,太阳已经升起来了。After the earthquake, few houses remained.地震后,几乎没有房子剩下来。③宾语是反身代词,相互代词,同源宾语,不定式,v-ing形式及抽象名词等,不能变为被动句子的主语。I taught myself English.误:Myself was taught English.We love each other.误:Each other is loved.