GMAT语法比较关系

1. 常见的比较词汇:Like, Unlike, More than, Less than, Faster than, different from, in contrast with/to, Compare to, as, as (adj.) as, as much as, as fast as, the same as.2. 比较的解题法则:1)读语义找标志词:① 找出逻辑概念是否可以比较; ② 注意专题中的标志词;2)注意点:① 看到了标志词,知道比较点双方是否存在并且是否可以比较;(Cat’s paw和Dog;1982年和1984年的事)② 比较双方是否形式一致;(前后双方要保持形式一致,除非不同语态,但要保持形式一致)③ 比较是否清晰;注意什么和什么比:在逻辑语义上;A, B, and C (其中AC是人,B是物,那么逻辑比较的双方是AC,语法形式是否一致)④ 比较是否简洁(比较省略的运用):a. a as b 如果省略b这块的主语和谓语,那么比较就默认为b这里的主谓和a一致;b. 比较前后的动词是否可以省略:Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. (Yvette可以是主语或者是宾语)Right: I like cheese more than Yvette. (=than Yvette like cheese)Right: I like cheese more than I do Yvette. (=than I like Yvette). 比较最重要的看的,是两者是否可以比较;(可比性)3. 比较注意点:原则: 选择正确的比较;排除: 排除不正确的比较形式;形式: 1) as...as2) more/less/greater/higher...than3) like/unlike (必须两个名词)举例: The new SUV uses gas more quickly as the small sedan does 错误The new SUV uses gas more quickly than the small sedan does. 正确排除: 没有形成正确的逻辑比较;原则: 在比较中,"that"可以用来替代单数物体的比较;"those"是用来比较复数的。举例: The couches in the living room are smaller than that in the den. 错误The couches in the living room are smaller than those in the den. 正确Unlike the head chef, whose dishes are always healthy, the assistant chef's are quite unhealthy. 错误Unlike the head chef's dishes, whose dishes are always healthy, the assistant chef's are quite unhealthy. 正确暗示: 当你看到比较选项词出现,比较词请考虑是否用比较来做题目(比较是考察的核心,即选项里比较的差异性会是题目的考点)4. 比较的形式:1)逻辑意思表达清晰,比较种类匹配;① 常见的(主谓全)比较结构a. 主语比较A do sth than B do (AB为对等名词,加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词,因而确定是主语,进而确定是主语对比)b. 介宾比较A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2 (C1C2, D1D2对等名词)注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在than后面,不要造成歧义The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks. 错The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. 对(Clothes inside the store和outside the racks做比较,第一句比较的是衣服和racks)c. 宾语比较A do C1 than C2 (C1C2为对等名词)d. 状语比较A do sth than usual/ ever before/ people expected② 一种句型只有主谓,没有宾语的句子,因为没有宾语,只可能有主语比较,因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语。a. I eat faster than you. 我吃的比你快。b. I eat apple faster than you do. 我吃苹果比你吃苹果快。c. I eat apple faster than you. 我吃苹果比吃你快。2)比较对象对等清晰,清晰界定比较关系元素比较对象清晰对等,因本着为对方着想的思路,让比较两方读起来更加清晰好懂A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980.a. that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 timesb. that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio答案是2 times和times在比; 1的话 a ratio和times在比 所以2更加清晰简洁3)简洁原则:比较结构的省略① 所有格省略前句有明确说明所有物是什么东西,后句的就可以省略。P. S. 所有格或者所有物单复数都可以,只有逻辑意思合理就行。EG: My car is bigger than Brian’s (car). My toes are longer than Brian’s (toes)② 比较从句可以省略宾语,谓语甚至整个从句,只要逻辑意思合理。EG: whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drink 3 (quarts).I walk faster than Brian (walks)I walk as fast now as (I walked) when I was young③ 为了不造成歧义,需要添加动词和情态动词,以保持逻辑含义鲜明。EG: Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必须为宾语才能省略)Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. (Yvette可以是主语或者是宾语)Right: I like cheese more than Yvette. (=than Yvette like cheese)Right: I like cheese more than I do Yvette. (=than I like Yvette)④ As/than 分句中省略a. 省略谓语动词及补足部分。ž This house is not SO expensive as the other onež Does she dance as gracefully as her sister?ž She is more highly regarded than heb. 省略谓语动词的补足部分ž The end of the movie wasn’t as good as the beginning wasž John drove much more carefully than Tom did.c. 省略主动词。宾语不同则保留宾语。如果宾语相同则连同主动词一起省略。ž Mary has known peter better than she has (known) John.ž George writes as neatly as John does⑤ 众多例句中可以看出,当比较结构是同质事物之间的比较,即比较项相同时,比较结构必须采取这样或那样的省略形式。这显然成了比较结构的一大特点。⑥ 省略与歧义:比较结构通常总有些部分被省略, 如果省略后比较分句只剩下一个名词词组, 那么这个名词词组通常不是主语就是宾语。a. I speak Greek better than you (speak Greek)b. The photographs disappointed my parents more than (they disappointed) me.如果省略后剩下的那个名词词组既可以看做比较分句的主语,也可以看作宾语,就会出现歧义现象。I like to play Ping-Pong with john better than Peter.I like to play Ping-Pong with John better than (I like to play Ping-Pong with) Peter.我喜欢和彼得打乒乓球,我更喜欢和约翰打球I like to play Ping-Pong with John better than Peter (like to play Ping-Pong with) Peter. 我比彼得更喜欢和约翰打球。⑦ 在省略部分比较内容的时候,代词的单复数要一致 (that of/those of)5. 比较的各种形式:1)Just asjust as A do, so B do平行比较结构的习惯搭配:意思是:就如同A…B…这里的as是不能用like,whereas的。而且like…so…不符合搭配习惯,应该去掉so…just as with和just like都是很wordy的下面三种形式无区别(后两种强烈语气,不可以随意删掉so)前后都要用句子,不能只用短语。Just as … , so … Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称Just as … , as … Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap2)So with和 As withso with是错误结构。as with的结构在日常语法中是对的(意思为“正如……的情况一样”, 看作是as is the same with的省略式,with 后面常跟名词、动名词或what从句):(1) As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most.就像大部分的疾病和灾难一样,最遭罪的是年轻人。(2) As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job.正如画画一样,你应该耐心并且认真做这项工作。(3) As with what I said, he failed again.正如我所说的,他又一次失败了。但用于GMAT语法中,需要有其他结构与之平行:With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase; the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.单纯的as with the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.结构错误,应该用as is the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other health related items.3)Compare with和Compare toCompare A with B 拿a和b比Compare A to B 把a比喻成b① compared with直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰逗号前面名词短语的核心词:Example:In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.② Compared with也可以修饰前面整个分句,compared with后面的名词与主语比较:Example:Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.③ as compared to/with中as指代前面整句的核心含义:A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.4)Rather than和instead ofRather than是连词 后面可以跟任何东西Instead of 是介词 后面只可以跟名词对于动名词来说,GMAT更喜欢用RATHER THAN来替代DOING 因为:① I ski rather than snowboard." -- Correct.② I ski instead of snowboarding.—Correct但是①明显比②读出来好 因为更加平行Instead of GMAT常用代替 (计划的,原有的,习惯的。。。)Let’s play card instead of watching TV.Rather than GMAT常用比较 (不是,不愿,不想。。。)I think I will have a cold drink rather than coffee.一道真题比较:A. Instead of accepting the conventional wisdom that the earth was flat, Christopher Columbus sailed west to see whether he could reach India, having been sent by the king and queen of Spain.B. Rather than accept the conventional wisdom that the earth was flat, Christopher Columbus sailed west to see whether he could reach India, having been sent by the king and queen of Spain.A中 instead of后面加的动作和哥伦布后面的动作不并列 accepting是动名词 sailed动词B中 rather than后面的动作和哥伦布后面的动作并列 accept是动词 sailed动词5)Like + n 与 As+句子的比较结构Like/as 的差别在 like是一个介词,因此它后面只能跟名词,代词或者名词短语,而as后面的必须是完整的句子或者不引起歧义下的省略成分,但是不能是简单的名词性结构。当like和as 修饰的比较对象是名词,且没有歧义的情况下;like + n.是更加简洁的结构当是举例的情况下(such as)或者省略可能造成修饰歧义的情况下用asa. Like + N 比较结构While Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of physical threats and verbal attacks was not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.courage和courage 在比在这样的情况下, LIKE后面加的宾语类型和主句主语的类型必须保持一致。Like A’s book, B’s book is red. 书和书比Like A, B’s book is red. 人和书比b. As+ 句子的比较结构 后面不能接简单的名词性结构几种可能正确的形式: A do…… as B doA can….. as B canA is ….. as B and C are补出助动词的原则是必须和主语的类型一致,而且要时态一致。但是如果as结构自己就带了时间状语,那么该as结构的时态和自己带的状语保持一致,而类型和主句保持一致。A do…as B did ten years ago.介宾比较_as+从句_完整句 According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generationsIs 和was相对应 ,was要补出As用作举例的情况时The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever more accurate. A. The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever more accurate.D. Scientists have become able to provide ever more accurate models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to such changing conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions.这里 conditions后面的 like和such as做举例用, 说明有什么样的季节情况,所以举例用asc. 高级用法当一道题里出现两个选项。As或者like结构出现在两个逻辑分句的中间。这个时候就会产生歧义。Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.a. Like adultsb. As adults do我们注意到A选项和D选项都符合语法规则,也都和前面的children保持数的一致性,从纯语法规则上讲是都正确的。但是A存在歧义。我们不清楚like adults是和前一个分句构成整体还是和后一个分句构成整体。也就是不知道大人是在“do not organize”这个动作上和小孩一样还是在“may notice and remember”这个动作上和小孩一样。所以有歧义。好在前后两个分句的助动词不一样,所以可以使用as结构区分。因为as结构的助动词和前一个分句一致的话,就应该和前一个分句构成整体;同样,和后一个分句的助动词一致的话,就应该和后一个分句构成整体。