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托福阅读中关于应试的一些无耻技巧

对于语法,具体到阅读里面就是长句了,因为总有同学在群里问,我就简单说一下,如果让我们翻译一个长句,那么一下几个步骤For example,the translation of this sentence,小明,however,despite of他父母反对,deeply爱着小红,who is美丽漂亮可爱大方。Step 1找主干,每个句子都只有一套主谓宾有没有!!!!!!!你不能在一个句子里面找到两个主语两个谓语两个宾语有没有!!!!!so,拿过来一个句子,先挑主干,把主谓宾找出来就大概知道意思了。上面那句话的主干就是小明爱着小红,注意没有deeply,deeply是副词作状语,状语不能做主谓宾有没有!!!!!!!!!!!!Step2确定其他部分的成分,however,放在主语谓语之间,可以拿到句首,它表示的是前后两句的转折,注意,前后两句,所以在本句中,它的地位很低,放在句首翻译成但是就ok了。Despite of他父母的反对,插入语,deeply副词作状语,who is定语,前置即可。Step3把确定好的部分,塞进句子中,然后读一读你写的中文,是不是大家能看懂的中文,再进行整理。这句话的翻译就是但是,小明不顾他父母的反对,深爱着美丽漂亮可爱大方的小红!What I have discussed above就是翻译句子的流程,而当我们作阅读中读长句的时候,没必要这么细致这么复杂,因为没有人要你英译汉,托福阅读考查的就是我们能否抓取文章信息的能力,700字的文章14道题,还有好几个词汇题,那么分给文章的题只有大约十个,所以它不可能考的很细致,有同学说那不是很多细节题么,你仔细想想细节题一般也都存在于每段的中心论点里面,在例子支持信息中也有,但是很少,所以我们要练就的是抓重点信息的能力。到每个句子中也是一样的,抓出句子主干即可,如果考了你再去看其他成分。什么成分是我们可以在读句子的时候忽视的呢,以下几个1.同位语,既然是同位语,那么它一定和它之前的名词是同等地位的,它是去具体的解释那个名词,所以,没有必要读,考了你再回来看,不考就无视掉,一般是不考。2.插入语,都说是插入语了,那些什么to some degree之类的,本身就是可有可无的东西。3.定语从句,定语从句通常是考点,但是读句子的时候可以忽略掉,定语从句的性质相当于形容词,形容词一定不是关键信息,她是个女人,她是个美丽的女人,最终关键点都是说她是个女人。定从如果考到了你再回来读即可,从句的考法有时间我再说!4.状语从句,这个快点看,作状语,本身也不是关键信息,我爱她,我很爱她,其实都是我爱她。5.有关名词的一些特殊结构的简化下面的a全是名词,这些结构是我在金鑫老师那里偷的艺,盗亦有道,我得给金鑫老师署名呵呵。a1 a2 a3,挑一个读就行了,a1 of a2 of a3,a1是核心,a1后面的可以不看了a1 or a2; a1 and a2,读一个就行a such as b c d;such a as b,c,d.. such as本身就是举例,举例就是为了解释说明,所以,bcd可以不看了,however,如果a你没看懂,那么bcd里面挑一个你会的,它等价于a.有的同学说abcd我都不懂,那么,再见!!!!!!!!!More than,more than所要强调的是more之后的部分,不是than之后的,所以than之后的不读!还有几个类似more than的,In addition to……,……It is not just……,……Rather than……,……Although/while……,……以上表示的都是否定意思,而不,尽管这类的,所以他们后跟着的部分可以不读,只读“,”逗号之后的,for example, it is not just小强爱着小红,小明也爱小红。这句要表达的就是小明爱小红,之前关于小强的只是铺垫。以上的方法是告诉大家如何读句子如何最快最准确的抓取我们要的有用的信息。再说一下and的用法,这个貌似给很多同学造成了困惑,遇到and+某某某的时候,找and前面与某某某相同词性的词,注意,词性!!!!!!!!!!!!如果是介词,找之前一样的介词。注意,一样的介词,on找on,of找of。举例the result is a remarkable unbroken record of1 temperature and of2atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.先翻译一下我再分析,结果是一个不同寻常的完整的有关温度和co2大气强度的记录。And of2 atomspheric,and后面是介词of2,去前面找of1,of1前面是record,所以of2也是属于record的的,那么这句话就是the result is a remarkable unbroken record of1 temperature andrecordof2atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.As well as等于and,读句子的时候看着不顺眼就把它换回and。上面我大概说了一下有关内力的修炼的问题,有些具体的东西我以后慢慢讲吧,下面进入大家最关心的部分,外力如何加强!!内力修炼的差不多了,或者差很多但是即将考试了,没关系,我们练外力,练招式,练技巧,把自己有限的内功最大化。先提醒一点,招式也是建立在内功有了一定修为的基础上的,内力不够,直接练招式,就会走火入魔。句子都读不懂呢,何谈技巧啊。所以说,不要想着投机取巧,这不过是锦上添花的东西!TYPE 1细节题这类题在考试中的比重最大,也是最容易拿分的,既然都已经说了是细节题,那么考点是文章的细节中,而不是有关全文的,所以说,我们读懂一段中的一小部分就可以做题了。一般是这几种问法:1.According to the passage……,……?”2.It is stated in paragraph X3.It is indicated in paragraph X4.It is mentioned in paragraph X这类题的本质就是同意转述,做题流程,1读题,抓取关键字2用关键字回原文定位,找到定位句(不一定是一句,有可能是一两句)。还有一个方法能帮助我们定位,题目的顺序和文章的顺序是一致的,所以前后题的位置可以帮助我们找定位句,但是这个在考试的时候作用不大,因为考试界面是每次只出现一道题。3读明白那句话4回头看选项,选出和那句话同意义的句子。错误选项的特点:1原文中没提到的2与原文相反的3定位句之外的。前两种比较常见这类题一般都是直接选择,我看到有些同学喜欢用排除法,我个人建议,这种题没必要用排除法,第一浪费时间,人家看完了A直接选了,你看完ABCD,把原文忘了再回头找,人家都做到第三题了!第二它的错误选项本身就胡编乱造的,基本都和正确选项完全不沾边,看它没什么意义甚至会误导你。针对上面列出的做题流程我一步一步讲解,就拿我们昨天做过的文章举例Paragraph 1:In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth,Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period(from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among thekeyfactors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.1. According to paragraph 1, what was true of Europe during the medieval period?○Agricultural productivity declined.○There was relatively little economic growth.○The general level of prosperity declined.○Foreign trade began to play an important role in the economy.1先读题,抓取关键词,关键词一定是名词,为什么?因为名词可以作主宾语,形容词,副词起的永远是修饰作用,但是是不是就不看了呢,也不是,我说的是把名词当成关键点,可没说只看它,定语或者状语是帮助我们定位的。对于这道题,关键词就是Europe,然后看一下后面的状语,是在medieval period2用找到的关键词找定位句,有同学说第一句,我说不准确,第一句的后半句,In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth是状语,我前面说了,状语快点看!定位句就是Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period3下面就是看懂定位句了,回到了我们所说的内力的修炼,读句子的能力,分析一下这句话,that引导的是growth的定语从句,发展让欧洲脱离了十分贫瘠的欧洲中世纪时期,说明中世纪的Europe是十分贫瘠的,下面进入第四步4信息我们已经拿到手了,回头看选项吧,A选项Agricultural productivity第一不在定位句中,第二第二句里面人家也没说declineB选项relatively little economic growth就是the relatively less prosperous的同意转述,所以它是对的做题做到这就ok了,要对自己有信心,不要总觉得自己选的不对,忐忑着继续看其它选项,为了让大家熟悉题型和思路,我继续分析其他两个选项C选项 还是原文没有的,根本没提过declineD选项 看到Foreign trade就可以不往下看了,明显的原文没提到的!注:读选项的时候同样注意名词,道理和我们从question中选择关键点是一样的。再给个例子,还是昨天作业里面的,Paragraph 2:Populations cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands).Dutch land reclamation in the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the most spectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than 36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.3. According to paragraph 2, one effect of the desire to increase food production was that○land was cultivated in a different way○more farmers were needed○the rural economy was weakened○forests and wetlands were used for farming解析:细节题,关键词:effect,结果,increase food production.定位句:Populations cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands).第一句说的是increase food production的原因,第二句才是effect。farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands).直接选D。AB都是文章没提的。C是与文章相反的,ruraleconomy并没有weakened以上就是做细节题的一般流程和思路,这些都很正统,并不无耻,下面教大家的是如何投机取巧,利用文章本身给出的条件快速做题。先提醒一下,无耻技巧只是锦上添花的,而不是主菜,超过百分之八十的题还是要用上面的思路做!无耻技巧1:带程度副词的,比如only well clearly往往都是错的,这种选项往往很有迷惑性,因为它看似是同义转述,实际确扩大或缩小了词义(说的好抽象呵呵)比如原文说,我打了他,选项:I hit him severely,这个选项一定是错的,人家有没说怎么打的,又没说经脉尽断,你为什么要主观臆断他狠狠的打了呢??!!这个不仅仅适用于细节题,还适用于推断题,讲推断题的时候我给大家举个例子。无耻技巧2:类似于程度副词,一般有more than或者比较级的都是错的,原文没有比较,你不能自己给人家比较,比如说她很美,选项是她比杨幂美,(杨幂是我最喜欢的女明星哈),那么这个选项都是错的。哪怕是对的,我也不会选,因为在我心中,杨幂是最美的呵呵!无耻技巧3:敏感于数字,当定位句中有数字的时候,数字之间的比较就是考点。For example:Paragraph 9: The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient.A bluefin tuna in water of7°C(45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over25°C(77°F).This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special 'heaters' of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.10. According to paragraph 9, which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?○Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.○Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.○They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.○They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.解析:第一步先找关键词,关键词是bluefin tunas,这两个词不认识,没关系,到现在我都不认识,直接换成BT就可以了,第二步回去找定位句,在第二句中首次出现了BT,并且出现了两组数字,那么这两组数字的比较就是考点。第三步,读明白这句话,在7°水中的BT可以有一个超过25°的核心温度。第四步,看选项吧,A选项,就是我刚说完的无耻技巧2,more than是错的,原文是说了eyes and brain,也给了很高的评价,说maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.但是却没有和其它生物比较,所以它是错的。B选项,无耻技巧1出现了,greatly,谁告诉你greatly了??!!!即使你不会这个技巧,这个选项本身就是与原文相反的,它们的能力是在不同的水温中保持稳定的体温,而不是change。C选项,无耻技巧3,数字的比较,7°的水和25°的体温,就是in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.D选项,我之前说的细节题选项的错误特征里面的第三种,比较有迷惑性的,原文有,但是不在定位句之内,关键词是bluefin tunas,D选项说的是The billfishes,考点信息之外。无耻技巧4:这个算不上无耻技巧,正常的思路吧,原文说A和B不同,B有C特征,那么答案是A没有C特征。这种题比较考读长句的能力,通常形式是A differ from B,which(B的定语从句,说明B的特征C)或是unlike A,B怎么怎么有C的特征,e.g.Paragraph 4: With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass consumption. Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time.But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.6. According to paragraph 4, how did the early movies differ from previous spectacles that were presented to large audiences?○They were a more expensive form of entertainment.○They were viewed by larger audiences.○They were more educational.○They did not require live entertainers.第一步,还有找关键词early movies和previous spectacles,你要注意了,early movies就是上面说的A,previous spectacles就是B,那么寻找B的特征就ok了。第二步,找定位句吧,我说了无非两种 一个differ from的 一个unlike的,很容易找到了But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.第三步,分析,Butthe movies(A)differed significantly fromthese other forms of entertainment(B),which(定语从句说出B的特征)depended on either live performanceor (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.Or后面的成分,我之前说过 a1ora2读一个即可,所以,后面很长很闹心的部分,不读了!第四步,ABC我们都找到了,回头看选项吧,选项A 原文没提的选项B 无耻技巧2 不能比较选项C 还有原文没提的选项Ddid not require live entertainers.不就是没有B的depended on either live performance的特征么细节题的总结到此为止,技巧的东西要活学活用,自己先看看理解了,然后运用到做题中变成你自己的,做题的时候要不以对喜,不以错悲,给你篇阿拉伯语的阅读按照几率乱选你也能对三四个,所以,每道题都要认真反思,弄清楚出题思路和选项设置,这样才能有提高!不然就陷入了the more you作,the more you错的痛苦深渊!Type2 Not/Except型这类题与细节题关系比较紧密,它的正确选项有两种,一种是未被原文提及的,一种是与原文相反的,我们review一下细节题错误选项特征:1原文中没有的2与原文相反的3考点信息之外的。大家看到了,Not Except的题就是选择细节题的错误选项的前两类。所以说,它的本质还是细节题,你可以把它当成有三个正确选项的细节题来完成。先说第一种:未被原文提及的,这类的选项一般都是名词,而且正确的那三个在文中很集中,一般用逗号或是and连接。对于这类题,我建议大家先看一下选项,帮助我们定位,找到三个正确的,原文没提及的那个就选出来了。For example,In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished.These are the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nevous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term“autonomic nervous system”refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glandsQuestion:all of the following are described as being controlled by the autonomic nervous system ExceptA connective tissueB cardiac muscleC glandular activityD smooth muscle第一步,找题目中的关键词controlled by the autonomic nervous system第二步,找定位句,autonomic nervous system出现在最后一句,这句就是定位句第三步,分析这个句子吧,regulate就是control的意思,它后面的the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands,就是B C D选项可能会有同学纠结C选项,glandular activity这就是我前面说过的and用法,glands是名词,找前面相同词性的词,是muscle,activity of cardiac muscle,所以把那个句子填充完整就是regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, the activity of smooth muscle, and the activity of many glands,这样这一道题就完成了。我说一下有些同学作这种题的不好习惯,就是上来不读题直接看选项,然后回去找,找到了三个之后,选择那个你没找到的。是,我刚才说了可以看看选项帮助定位,但是注意,我说的是帮助定位,找定位句还是需要通过问题里面的关键词。用找选项的方法做题,第一浪费时间,第二,你能保证自己不漏掉某些细节么?有没有找到了两个再重新找一次的情况呢?所以说,还有要用细节题的方式找好定位句,然后再去做题。先看选项只是辅助。再说另一种:是原文观点矛盾的,以以下三个形式出现1原文+not2反义句3rather/other/without后面的部分相对于第一种,这类的题的难度稍稍增加了,第一它的三个选项比较分散,没第一种那么好找,第二它的选项往往是原文提过的,但是加了否定词或者本身在原文就是否定。所以这类题要更难一些。没关系,只要牢记上面的三个形式,寻找这三个形式就ok了Paragraph 9:The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.9. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPT○Soil erosion○Global warming○Insufficient irrigation○The raising of livestock第一步:抓关键词,contributing to desertification,contribution翻译成原因就行了第二步:找定位句,cause of desertification就是原因,所以第一句是定位句。第三步:分析定位句,The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting fromover irrigation,over irrigation,看到这我们可以选了,C选项Insufficient irrigation,明显的第二种形式,反义句。Type 3推断题问题形式:question中带有infer imply likely。这类题个人感觉是难点,我自己也纠结了很长时间.首先说一下这类题的出题思路吧,第一种:最简单的,相当于比较难的细节题,不是细节题那种直接通过同义转述解题,而且稍稍绕一点,比如原文说two or three weeks,选项就是a few weeks.原文说some of……选项是not all.第二种:不被明确表述的,原文是A>BB>C,答案应该是A>C,这类题容易错选A>D,which is自己主观YY出的那个选项第三种:最难的,原文说A>BB>C选项1, A>E选项2,A>D选项3,B>A选项4,C>A正确选项是第一个,A>E隐含在A>C中,有同学说那怎么办,怎么办,排除啊!所以,对于推断题,我纠结很久最后的答案就是,只要是推断题就用排除法选择,这类题的定位句一般是两三句甚至是一段,错误选项设置于细节题差不多,原文没提的那种比较常见。这种题也是我唯一一个推崇排除法的题型。看例子.Along with markets days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities.The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in Philadelphia.Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example,were popular items.It can be infered that the author mentions“Linens and stockings”to show that they were items thatA retail merchants were not willing to sellBwere not available in the stores in PhiladelphiaC were more popular in Germantown than in PhiladelphiaD could easily be transported第一步还是找关键词,Linens and stockings第二步找定位句,最后一句,.Linens and stockings from Germantown,for example,were popular items.For example提到句首,这里介绍一个重要原则:看到for example往前读观点信息。我解释一下,for example,例子是支持信息,支持前面的观点,所以例子本身并不重要,它支持哪一个观点?观点是什么?这些才是重要的,所以要往前读找观点信息。这个原则在修饰目的题中尤为重要。回到我们这道题,往前读,The fairsprovideda means of bringing handmade goodsfrom outlying places to would-be buyers in Philadelphia。集市提供了一个引进手工制品的方法,这些手工制品来自偏远地区,买到P地的欲购者手中。第三步,挨个看选项,A retail merchants原文根本没提排除B在P地是不可得到的,文章说在P地很流行,是与原文观点相反的选项,那么它也是错的Cmore than我不知道你们现在是否有了感觉,排除有more than的选项有的同学排除了ABC之后狂喜,看都不看D就选了,自习看看D,be transported,也是原文没有的!这就给大家提个醒,对于推断题,不管你之前排除了几个,每个选项都要一直对待,挨个分析,切莫排除了ABC选项选D,因为你可能排除错了。AD是原文没提的,C是more than这些一定是错的,那么再看B,你是否可以把它理解成在P地本身是没有的,是引进的而来的,所以可以说not available呢?看看原文,L and S,是来自德国乡村的,在P地很流行。所以说它本身在p地没有是很合理的解释。也就是我刚才所说,最难的题,A>E大家请放心,考试遇到这种题的概率微乎其微,我为什么要选这么变态的一道题呢?就是让大家好好理解下推断题的排除思路,弄明白这个,那种类似细节题的和稍稍有点难度的,都不在话下了!TYPE 4修饰目的题Question:带有the author mentions,作者提到某单词或某句话的目的是什么?那一部分会加深背景,标记上这类题题分两种情况First,提到的部分是例子,或者细节信息,通常有For example,such as这些词,在上一个题型中,我提到了,如果有举例的话要往前读,找到它支持的观点。答案就是为了支持这个例子所支持的观点。比如说:我对她很好。我每个月工资都给她。问题:why does the author mentions我每个月工资都给她?答案:to support the idea that我对她很好。
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